Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: The Cosmos, Deities, And Humanity

Ancient Egyptian creation myths narrate the origins of the cosmos, deities, and humanity. These captivating tales feature prominent entities such as Atum, the self-created primordial god; Nun, the boundless primordial waters; Re, the sun god; and Geb and Nut, the earth and sky deities. Through these mythical accounts, the ancient Egyptians sought to understand the mysteries of existence and the interplay between the divine and mortal realms.

Divine Figures: Meet Amun-Re, the Sun God and King of Ancient Egypt

Hey there, history buffs! Let’s dip into the realm of ancient Egypt today and meet one of the most significant deities in their pantheon – Amun-Re. Prepare yourself for a mind-blowing tale of power, kingship, and the eternal battle against darkness.

Amun-Re was like the rockstar of the Egyptian gods, the ultimate boss ruling over all. His name means “the hidden one,” but don’t be fooled – he was anything but shy. As the sun god, he embodied life, warmth, and all that was good in the world.

But here’s where it gets even cooler. Amun-Re was also closely associated with the falcon, a symbol of strength, speed, and aerial dominance. Imagine a regal falcon soaring through the skies, keeping a watchful eye over Egypt.

Amun-Re played a crucial role in the creation story. As the son of the primeval gods Shu and Tefnut, he emerged from the primordial waters of Nun, bringing light and order to the world. Talk about a cosmic birthright!

His cult center at Thebes was the epicenter of his power. It was said that when the pharaohs entered his temple, they transformed into Amun-Re himself, becoming the embodiment of divine kingship. Imagine having the power of a god at your fingertips – now that’s what I call VIP treatment!

So there you have it, Amun-Re, the sun god, king of the gods, and protector of ancient Egypt. His story is a testament to the power of imagination, the majesty of ancient civilizations, and the eternal battle against the forces of chaos.

Divine Figures of Ancient Egypt: A Journey into the Realm of Gods

Prepare to delve into the captivating world of Ancient Egypt’s divine figures! These enigmatic deities played pivotal roles in shaping the beliefs, culture, and mythology of this extraordinary civilization. Let’s embark on an enchanting storytelling journey to meet some of the most prominent gods and goddesses.

Atum: The Creator God Born from Primeval Waters

Imagine a time before the dawn of creation, when Nun, the boundless primordial waters, enveloped everything. From the depths of Nun emerged Atum, the creator god. With his celestial form radiating light and order, Atum personified the birth of all things.

Subtopics:

  • Emergence from Nun: Atum arose from the primordial waters, becoming the first being in existence.
  • Creation of the Ennead: From his own divine essence, Atum gave birth to the nine primary deities, known as the Ennead. These deities included Shu, the god of air, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture. Together, they formed the cosmic order.

Amun-Re: The Sun God, King of the Gods

In the bustling city of Thebes, the sun god Amun-Re reigned supreme. As the embodiment of the life-giving solar disk, Amun-Re was revered as the king of all deities. His brilliance illuminated the heavens, bringing warmth, prosperity, and cosmic harmony.

Subtopics:

  • Patron of Thebes: Amun-Re was closely associated with the city of Thebes, where he was the patron god.
  • Synchronization with Re: Over time, Amun-Re became merged with Re, the ancient sun god, forming the powerful deity Amun-Re.

Khnum: The Ram-Headed God of Creation

On the potter’s wheel of life, Khnum molded the destinies of humans and other beings. With his ram-headed form, he symbolized fertility, creation, and the shaping of the physical world. Khnum’s touch brought forth the very essence of life.

Subtopics:

  • Pottery and Creation: Khnum was depicted as a potter, using his celestial wheel to form the bodies of humans and animals.
  • Birth and Nurturing: Khnum was believed to assist with childbirth and nurture the young, providing divine protection and guidance.

Stay tuned for more tales of ancient Egypt’s divine figures and their profound impact on the civilization’s beliefs and culture. Their stories hold secrets that unlock the enigmatic world of Egypt’s sacred past.

Meet Khnum, the Potter God Who Shaped Humanity

In the vibrant tapestry of ancient Egyptian mythology, there lived a peculiar yet enigmatic deity named Khnum. Unlike his ethereal counterparts who soared through the heavens, Khnum had a distinctly earthy occupation. He was the ram-headed god of creation, the divine potter who shaped humans on his celestial potter’s wheel.

Imagine a cosmic studio where the celestial clay was not mere dirt but the very essence of life. As Khnum deftly molded each lump onto his wheel, he infused it with his divine spark, imbuing it with a unique identity and purpose. Each spin of his wheel brought forth a new soul, destined to play a role in the grand symphony of life.

Khnum’s creations were not limited to mortals. He also fashioned the gods and goddesses themselves, breathing life into the celestial pantheon with his potter’s touch. His workshops echoed with the rhythmic thump of the wheel and the steady hum of creation.

But Khnum’s influence extended beyond the realm of physical form. He was the guardian of the unborn, the one who oversaw the safe passage of new life into the world. Pregnant mothers prayed to him for his protection and guidance, knowing that their precious burdens were in the hands of a skilled and benevolent deity.

So let us give thanks to Khnum, the divine potter who shaped our very essence. May his celestial wheel continue to spin, forever bringing forth the wonders of life and the beauty of creation.

Divine Figures of Ancient Egypt: Ptah, the God of Creation

In the vibrant tapestry of ancient Egyptian mythology, Ptah emerges as a supreme figure, the god of Memphis and the epitome of divine creativity. Unlike other deities associated with specific elements or domains, Ptah’s influence pervaded all aspects of existence.

As the patron of artisans, Ptah was revered by those who worked with their hands. From the meticulous chiselers of stone monuments to the skilled weavers of intricate tapestries, all sought his favor and guidance. Ptah was believed to be the one who breathed life into their creations, transforming mere materials into objects of beauty and purpose.

But Ptah’s power extended far beyond the realm of the physical. He was also the creator of the universe, the ultimate architect who spoke the words that brought all things into being. Through his divine incantations, Ptah gave form to the world and established order out of chaos.

Legends depict Ptah as having mummified his father, Osiris, the god of the underworld. This act symbolized his role as the guardian of the afterlife, ensuring a smooth transition for souls into the realm of the dead. Ptah’s association with Osiris also underscores his connection to mortality and the cycle of life and death.

So, whether you were a humble artisan seeking inspiration or a pharaoh contemplating the grand scheme of things, Ptah stood as a towering figure, the divine force behind the very fabric of existence.

Osiris: The Underworld’s Boss and the Husband of All Husbands

AKA: The King of the Dead, Lord of the Underworld, Protector of the Dead, Judge of the Dead, Lord of the West

Role: Osiris is the Egyptian god of the underworld, the afterlife, rebirth, and resurrection. He is also the judge of the dead, weighing their hearts against the feather of Ma’at to determine their fate in the afterlife. As the husband of Isis, he’s also a bit of a love story in the divine world.

Story: Osiris was the first pharaoh of Egypt and a wise and just ruler. But his jealous brother, Seth, murdered him and dismembered his body into 14 pieces. Isis, Osiris’s devoted wife, traveled the land and gathered all the pieces, except for his penis (sorry, but that’s the myth). She magically brought him back to life, and they had a son named Horus. Osiris then became the ruler of the underworld, where he welcomed the spirits of the dead and judged their souls.

Significance: Osiris is one of the most important gods in Egyptian mythology. His story represents the cycle of death and rebirth, and his role as judge of the dead ensures that every soul is judged fairly. His cult was widespread, and his followers believed that he could help them achieve a happy and peaceful afterlife.

Fun Fact: Osiris is often depicted with green or black skin, which symbolizes his connection to the underworld. He also has a beard and wears a white crown with a vulture’s head on top. His symbol is the djed, a pillar with a crossbar at the top, which represents his strength and power.

Divine Figures and Concepts: Unveiling the Pantheon of Ancient Egypt

In the tapestry of ancient Egyptian mythology, divine figures and cosmic concepts weave an intricate web of power, creation, and cosmic order. Let’s dive into the vibrant realm of these celestial beings and their profound influence.

Divine Figures

Isis: Goddess of Magic, Healing, and Childbirth

Isis, the embodiment of feminine power and devotion, holds a revered place in the Egyptian pantheon. As the sister-wife of Osiris, the god of the underworld, she possessed immense magical abilities. Isis’s compassionate nature extended to healing the sick, and she was often depicted as a protector of women and children. Her role in resurrecting her slain husband, Osiris, cemented her status as the supreme deity of magic and resurrection.

Divine Concepts

Ma’at: The Goddess of Truth and Order

In the cosmic tapestry, Ma’at represents the sacred principles of truth, justice, and harmony. As the goddess of order, she ensured the stability and balance of the universe. The scales of Ma’at, weighed upon the souls of the deceased, determined their fate in the afterlife. Her unwavering presence served as a reminder to the ancient Egyptians of the importance of living in accordance with cosmic laws.

Nun: The Primordial Waters

Before creation dawned, Nun, the primordial waters, enveloped all that was and was not. From the depths of this cosmic abyss emerged Atum, the creator god. As the source of all life, Nun represented the boundless potential and the enigmatic origins of the universe.

Heka: The Power of Creation and Magic

Heka embodies the divine power wielded by gods and goddesses. It is the energy that shapes reality, heals the sick, and protects the world from chaos. Through the sacred utterances of heka, the gods invoked their supernatural abilities. Heka also represented the transformative power of language and the wisdom of the ancient Egyptian scribes.

Meet Horus, the Soaring Falcon of Ancient Egypt

Horus, the celestial guardian, stands as one of the most iconic figures in Egyptian mythology. With his sharp eyes and regal presence, this falcon-headed god ruled the skies, protected the pharaohs, and fought against the forces of chaos.

Symbol of the Sky and Kingship

Horus, depicted as a falcon or a human with a falcon’s head, symbolized the vast expanse of the sky. His piercing gaze could see every corner of the world, ensuring the safety and stability of all. As the patron of pharaohs, Horus represented their divine right to rule, symbolizing their power and authority.

War and Protection

On the battlefield, Horus was a fierce warrior, leading armies into battle. His sharp claws and powerful wings protected both gods and humans from harm. Known as “the Protector of the Two Lands,” he defended Egypt against its enemies, both physical and spiritual.

The Myth of Horus and Seth

One of the most famous myths surrounding Horus is his rivalry with Seth, the god of chaos and darkness. In a battle for the throne of Egypt, Horus emerges victorious after a long and bloody struggle. This myth represents the triumph of order over chaos, a common theme in ancient Egyptian religion.

Horus in Everyday Life

Beyond his celestial and martial roles, Horus was also considered a protector of the living and the dead. He watched over newborn children, ensured safe childbirth, and guided the souls of the deceased to the afterlife. From temples to tombs, Horus’s image was a constant reminder of his divine presence and protection.

Horus, the falcon-headed god, remains an enigmatic and beloved figure in ancient Egyptian mythology. His soaring presence symbolizes the power of the sky, the protection of the pharaohs, and the victory of order over chaos. From ancient times to the present day, Horus continues to inspire awe and wonder in all who encounter his celestial gaze.

Divine Figures: Meet Seth, the God of Chaos and Violence

Seth: The desert god, brother of Osiris, and god of chaos and violence. He is often depicted as a man with a jackal’s head, symbolizing his untamed nature. Seth embodies the destructive forces of the world, representing the untamed desert, storms, and earthquakes.

But hey, let’s not be too harsh on old Seth. After all, he plays an important role in the Egyptian pantheon. As the god of chaos, he challenges the established order, forcing the other gods to grow and adapt. Without chaos, there can be no order, and without darkness, there can be no light.

In a way, Seth is like the rebel of the divine family. He’s always shaking things up, causing trouble, and generally being a pain in the neck. But deep down, he’s just misunderstood. He’s not evil, he’s just… different.

So, next time you hear a thunderclap or feel the ground shaking, don’t be alarmed. It’s just Seth, doing his thing. Embrace the chaos, my friends!

Divine Deities and Concepts of Ancient Egyptian Mythology

Step into the mystical realm of ancient Egypt, where gods and goddesses ruled the heavens and the afterlife, shaping the destiny of mortals. In this tale, we’ll unravel the tapestry of their divine figures and concepts, intertwining history with a dash of humor.

Divine Figures

  • Amun-Re: Bask in the radiant glow of Amun-Re, the sun god who illuminated the skies and reigned supreme as the king of gods.

  • Atum: Meet Atum, the primordial creator god who emerged from the ethereal abyss of Nun, giving birth to all that is.

  • Khnum: Witness the artistry of Khnum, the ram-headed god of creation, shaping humans with his divine potter’s wheel.

  • Ptah: Pay homage to Ptah, the enigmatic god of Memphis, patron of artisans, whose words brought the universe into existence.

  • Osiris: Embark on a journey to the underworld with Osiris, the revered god of the afterlife, who judges the souls of the departed.

  • Isis: Invoke the magical powers of Isis, goddess of healing, childbirth, and magic, the devoted wife and sister of Osiris.

  • Horus: Soar high with Horus, the falcon-headed god of the sky, who symbolized war, protection, and vengeance.

  • Seth: Encounter the treacherous Seth, desert god and brother of Osiris, representing chaos, violence, and disorder.

Divine Concepts

  • Benben: Gaze upon the sacred Benben, a mystical stone that emerged from Nun, forming the very foundation of the first land.

  • Ogdoad: Travel back to the dawn of time, when the eight primordial deities of the Ogdoad reigned in the primordial chaos.

  • Ennead: Join the Pantheon of Heliopolis, where the nine primary deities, including Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, and Horus, governed the cosmos.

  • Heka: Channel the immense magical power of Heka, wielded by the gods and goddesses to shape reality and invoke divine favor.

  • Ma’at: Seek guidance from Ma’at, goddess of truth, order, and harmony, who ensured the balance and stability of the universe.

  • Nun: Dive into the enigmatic depths of Nun, the primordial waters from which all creation sprang.

  • Chaos Serpent: Tremble before the primordial embodiment of chaos and darkness, the Chaos Serpent, a formidable force that threatened the world’s order.

So, there you have it, a glimpse into the extraordinary world of ancient Egyptian mythology, where divine figures and concepts danced in an intricate tapestry, shaping the destiny of the ancient world and inspiring us with their timeless tales of power, magic, and intrigue.

Ogdoad: The eight primordial deities that existed before the creation.

Divine Figures and Concepts of Ancient Egypt

Imagine stepping back into the mystical realm of ancient Egypt, where gods and goddesses held sway over the lives of mortals. Let’s explore the divine figures and concepts that shaped this extraordinary civilization.

Divine Figures:

  • Amun-Re: The radiant Sun God, worshipped as the king of the gods and protector of Thebes.
  • Atum: The primordial creator who emerged from the watery abyss, Nun.
  • Khnum: The potter-like deity who crafted humans on his celestial wheel.
  • Ptah: The patron of artisans and creator of the universe through his divine words.
  • Osiris: The revered God of the Underworld, who judged the dead and offered hope of eternal life.
  • Isis: The multifaceted Goddess of magic, healing, and childbirth, devoted to her husband Osiris.
  • Horus: The falcon-winged God of the sky, who fought against darkness and protected the divine order.
  • Seth: The enigmatic Desert God, associated with chaos and conflict, and brother to Osiris.

Divine Concepts:

  • Benben: The sacred stone that emerged from the primordial waters and formed the first land.
  • Ogdoad: A group of eight primordial deities who existed in the chaotic void before creation.
  • Ennead: The nine major deities of Heliopolis, including Atum, the creator, and the other members of his divine family.
  • Heka: The mysterious magical power wielded by the gods and goddesses.
  • Ma’at: The goddess of truth and justice, ensuring the harmonious balance of the universe.
  • Nun: The boundless primordial waters from which all life and creation emerged.
  • Chaos Serpent: The frightful embodiment of chaos and darkness that threatened the divine order and stability.

These divine figures and concepts were woven into the fabric of ancient Egyptian society, shaping their beliefs, rituals, and daily lives. They represented the mysteries of creation, the power of the divine, and the constant struggle between order and chaos that defined the Egyptian worldview.

Meet the Divine Powerhouse: The Ennead of Heliopolis

Imagine an ancient civilization where gods and goddesses ruled the cosmos. In the heart of Egypt, Heliopolis was the sacred city that housed the Ennead, a legendary group of nine deities who shaped the world:

Atum: The Supreme Creator, emerged from Nun, the primordial waters.

Shu: God of Air and Wind, separated sky from earth.

Tefnut: Goddess of Moisture and Rain, wife of Shu.

Geb: God of the Earth, father of Osiris and Isis.

Nut: Goddess of the Sky, wife of Geb and mother of the stars.

Isis: Goddess of Magic, Healing, and Childbirth. Sister-wife of Osiris.

Osiris: God of the Underworld, Judge of the Dead, and Husband of Isis.

Nephthys: Goddess of Mourning and Protection, sister of Isis and wife of Seth.

Horus: Falcon-headed god of the Sky, War, and Protection, son of Isis and Osiris.

These divine figures worked together to maintain Ma’at, the balance and harmony of the universe. They fought against chaos and protected humanity from its destructive forces.

So there you have it, the Ennead of Heliopolis, the backbone of ancient Egyptian mythology. These gods and goddesses played a pivotal role in shaping the world as we know it, and their stories continue to inspire and captivate to this day.

The Divine Elixir: Heka, the Magical Force of Ancient Egypt

Picture this: Ancient Egypt, a land steeped in mystery and wonder, where gods and goddesses held sway over the cosmos. Amidst this divine pantheon, one force stood supreme – Heka, the magical power that fueled the very fabric of existence.

Heka was the secret sauce of the gods, their superpower that allowed them to shape reality and bend fate to their will. From summoning storms to healing the sick, from cursing enemies to granting blessings, Heka was the ultimate game-changer in the celestial realm.

Heka, the Divine Catalyst:

Imagine a universe without Heka. It would be a dull and lifeless void, where no change or creation could occur. Heka was the divine catalyst, the spark that ignited the fires of life and propelled the celestial machinery forward.

Heka, the Power of Creation:

Pharaohs believed themselves to be living manifestations of Heka. They wielded its power to govern, heal, and protect their people. Through Heka, they could perform miracles, control the elements, and command respect from both mortals and immortals.

Heka, the Elixir of Power:

Every god and goddess possessed their own unique brand of Heka, honed through centuries of practice and meditation. Amun-Re, the mighty sun god, used Heka to illuminate the heavens and banish darkness. Isis, the goddess of magic and healing, could restore the sick, revive the dead, and even alter time itself. And fearsome Seth, the god of chaos, employed Heka to unleash plagues and cause mayhem.

In conclusion, Heka was the lifeblood of ancient Egyptian mythology, the engine that drove the cosmic symphony. Without its presence, the gods would have been mere shadows of themselves, and the world would have been shrouded in eternal darkness.

Meet the Gods and Concepts of Ancient Egypt: A Divine Adventure

Get ready for a cosmic journey into the enchanting realm of ancient Egyptian mythology, where divine figures and concepts weave a tapestry of creation, chaos, and order.

The Divine Figures

  • Amun-Re: Picture this, dude: the sun god, shining bright and ruling the heavens like a boss.
  • Atum: The OG creator, dude. He birthed himself from the watery chaos and bam! World created.
  • Khnum: Think of him as the cosmic potter, shaping us on his divine wheel.
  • Ptah: The ultimate creator, man. He spoke the universe into existence with his magical words.
  • Osiris: The underworld king, judge of the dead, and hubby to the awesome Isis.
  • Isis: The queen of magic and healing, the glue that keeps the divine family together.
  • Horus: The falcon-headed protector, soaring through the skies, keeping the bad guys at bay.
  • Seth: The chaos maker, causing trouble left and right. He’s like the mischievous kid in the divine family.

The Divine Concepts

Now, let’s dive into the abstract but oh-so-important ideas:

  • Benben: The sacred stone that marked the beginning of everything. It’s like the first brick in the cosmic Lego set.
  • Ogdoad: The original eight gods, hanging out in the primordial waters before the creation party started.
  • Ennead: The heavenly crew from Heliopolis, led by Atum. They’re kind of like the A-team of the gods.
  • Heka: The magic sauce of the gods. It’s what makes them pull off incredible feats.
  • Ma’at: The goddess of order and balance. She’s the one keeping the universe from falling into complete chaos.
  • Nun: The cosmic ocean, where everything started. It’s like the primordial soup of the universe.
  • Chaos Serpent: The evil force that threatens to unravel everything. It’s the ultimate cosmic party crasher.

So there you have it, a divine adventure into the heart of ancient Egyptian mythology. These gods and concepts shaped the beliefs, stories, and art of a civilization that has left an eternal mark on our world.

Divine Figures and Concepts: Unraveling the Enchanting Tapestry of Ancient Egyptian Mythology

Greetings, curious minds! Welcome to our enchanting journey through the celestial realms of Ancient Egyptian mythology. Join us as we explore the awe-inspiring divine figures and enigmatic concepts that shaped this remarkable civilization.

Divine Figures

The pantheon of Egyptian gods was vast and captivating, each deity embodying a different aspect of the universe. From the radiant Amun-Re, king of the gods, to the enigmatic Khnum, who shaped humans on his potter’s wheel, these divine beings played pivotal roles in the mythology and daily lives of the Egyptians.

Divine Concepts

Beyond the individual deities, Egyptian mythology also embraced a tapestry of abstract concepts that governed the cosmos. The Benben, a sacred stone believed to have emerged from the primordial waters, symbolized the birth of the world. The Chaos Serpent, on the other hand, represented the perilous forces that threatened the stability of creation.

Nun: The Primordial Waters

In the depths of the cosmic abyss lay Nun, the primordial waters from which all existence sprang. This watery realm was believed to be the source of life, a source of fertility, and a symbol of the boundless possibilities that existed before creation.

Nun was the primordial chaos before the dawn of time. It was the infinite void in which nothing yet existed, a swirling mass of darkness and potential. From the depths of Nun emerged the first rays of light, giving birth to the gods and the world as we know it.

The Egyptians believed Nun to be the origin of all things, the source from which all life flowed. It was the divine womb that gave birth to creation, a place of mystery and wonder where the boundaries between the real and the unreal blurred.

Divine Figures and Concepts in Ancient Egyptian Mythology

In the enigmatic realm of ancient Egyptian mythology, where the sands of time whispered tales of gods and goddesses, a vibrant pantheon emerged, shaping the beliefs and cultural tapestry of this extraordinary civilization.

Divine Figures

  • Amun-Re: Bask in the golden rays of the sun god, Amun-Re, the sovereign of deities, revered as the patron of Thebes.
  • Atum: Step into the primordial void where Atum, the enigmatic creator, rose from the cosmic waters of Nun.
  • Khnum: Marvel at the artistry of Khnum, the ram-headed god, as he skillfully molds humans on his celestial potter’s wheel.
  • Ptah: Journey to Memphis and meet Ptah, the patron of artisans, who crafts the universe through the power of his words.
  • Osiris: Embark on a mystical journey to the underworld with Osiris, the judge of the dead and devoted husband of Isis.
  • Isis: Unveil the secrets of Isis, the goddess of magic, healing, and childbirth, the symbol of sisterly love and loyalty.
  • Horus: Soar through the skies with Horus, the falcon-headed deity, protector of the heavens and embodiment of courage.
  • Seth: Venture into the desolate desert and encounter Seth, the treacherous god of chaos and violence, the eternal rival of Osiris.

Divine Concepts

  • Benben: Gaze upon the Benben, the sacred stone that emerged from the primal waters, forming the foundation of the universe.
  • Ogdoad: Delve into the enigmatic realm of the Ogdoad, the eight primordial deities that existed in the darkness before creation dawned.
  • Ennead: Discover the Ennead, the nine primary deities of Heliopolis, including Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, and Horus.
  • Heka: Witness the awe-inspiring power of Heka, the magic of the gods, capable of shaping reality and protecting the divine order.
  • Ma’at: Seek harmony in the presence of Ma’at, the goddess of truth, justice, and order, who ensures the stability of the cosmos.
  • Nun: Dive into the cosmic abyss of Nun, the primordial waters from which all life emerged.
  • Chaos Serpent: Tremble before the dreaded Chaos Serpent, the embodiment of darkness and chaos, an eternal threat to the world’s balance.

Immerse yourself in the captivating world of ancient Egyptian mythology, where gods and goddesses danced among the stars, shaping the destiny of humanity and leaving an enduring legacy in the sands of time.

Thanks so much for taking the time to read about the fascinating creation myths of ancient Egypt. They’re a testament to the rich and imaginative culture that thrived along the banks of the Nile thousands of years ago. If you’ve enjoyed this glimpse into their ancient world, be sure to check back in later for more captivating stories and insights into the history of this incredible civilization. Until then, stay curious and keep exploring the wonders of the past!

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