Aristotle, his writings, science and Western Europe all had a complicated relationship. Aristotle’s writings became authoritative texts in Western Europe during Middle Ages. His ideas about science and nature dominated Western European thought for centuries. These ideas had a profound effect on the development of scientific progress in Western Europe.
Aristotelian Logic: The Bedrock of Scientific Thought
Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, laid the cornerstone of Western logic with his groundbreaking work on syllogisms. These clever little arguments are like tiny machines that process information and deliver irrefutable conclusions.
Imagine this: You have a statement like, “All philosophers are wise.” Now, let’s say you also know that Socrates is a philosopher. Using Aristotelian logic, you can combine these two premises to deduce a logical conclusion: Socrates is wise.
Aristotle’s syllogisms became the backbone of scientific reasoning. By carefully constructing arguments and testing their validity, early scientists could derive meaningful insights from observations. It’s like having a secret decoder ring that unlocks the mysteries of the natural world.
For example, ancient scientists used syllogisms to deduce that heavy objects fall faster than light objects. They observed that all heavy objects fall and that a stone is a heavy object. Therefore, using the syllogistic logic, they confidently concluded that a stone will fall faster than a feather. (Spoiler alert: This observation was later proven more complex by Galileo’s experiments, but you get the gist!)
Aristotle’s legacy extends far beyond his time, shaping the foundations of science to this day. His logical principles provide a framework for rational thinking, helping us navigate the vast ocean of information and make sense of our world.
Remember, logic is not just for stuffy old philosophers. It’s a powerful tool that can empower us to think critically, solve problems, and make informed decisions. So, the next time you find yourself faced with a perplexing question, channel your inner Aristotle and break out the syllogisms!
The Elemental Symphony of Ancient Science
In the tapestry of ancient science, the Theory of the Four Elements danced like a vibrant symphony. Earth, with its solidity and grounding, formed the foundation. Air, as ethereal and unpredictable as the wind, represented the ephemeral. Fire, blazing with intensity, embodied transformation. And water, fluid and adaptable, symbolized change and flow.
These elements weren’t mere abstract concepts but the very building blocks of the universe. From the towering mountains to the gentle breeze, from the crackling hearth to the bubbling stream, everything was a harmonious blend of these four elements. Ancient philosophers and scientists saw in them a profound understanding of the natural world.
The theory influenced every aspect of ancient science, from medicine to astronomy. Medical practitioners believed that imbalances in the elements could lead to illness, prescribing remedies to restore harmony. Alchemists sought to transmute elements, using their innate properties to create gold and other precious substances. And astrologers charted the positions of celestial bodies, convinced that the elements in the stars influenced human affairs.
So there you have it, the elemental symphony that played in the hearts and minds of ancient scientists. It may seem like a quaint and primitive idea today, but it laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the physical world.
Geocentric Model: Present the heliocentric model of the universe and explain how it was supported by observations and influenced scientific thought.
The Geocentric Model: When Earth Was the Star of the Show
Back in the day, when scientists gazed up at the stars, they had a pretty mind-boggling idea: that the Earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. This model, called the geocentric model, was like the OG of astronomy, and it stuck around for centuries!
But, hold your horses, because it wasn’t just a wild guess. The geocentric model was actually based on some serious observations. Like, people could see the Sun, Moon, and stars rising and setting every day, and it seemed like they were circling us. Plus, the Earth’s surface looks pretty flat, so it made sense to assume it was the center of everything.
But here’s the twist: the geocentric model wasn’t completely on the money. As scientists made more observations, they noticed some wonky things that didn’t quite fit. For instance, sometimes planets would appear to move backward in the sky, which was a head-scratcher for the geocentric crowd.
Despite these hiccups, the geocentric model had a huge influence on scientific thought. It was a way for people to make sense of the universe around them, and it set the stage for the scientific revolution that was about to shake things up!
Natural Philosophy: Introduce natural philosophy as the study of the natural world and explain its importance in medieval science.
Natural Philosophy: The Birth of Science as We Know It
In the medieval era, a thirst for knowledge ignited a pursuit of understanding the world beyond the confines of religious dogma. Enter natural philosophy, the precursor to modern science, which sought to explore the mysteries of nature through observation and reason.
Unlike the ancient Greeks who relied heavily on deduction, medieval thinkers immersed themselves in empiricism, the practice of gathering data through observation. They dissected animals, studied the stars, and tinkered with machines, all in an attempt to unravel the secrets of the universe.
This shift towards empirical inquiry was heavily influenced by the works of Aristotle and Ptolemy, whose theories provided a framework for understanding the natural world. Universities, such as the esteemed centers of learning in Paris and Oxford, became hubs of philosophical debate and scientific investigation.
One of the most notable advancements of medieval natural philosophy was the development of the scholastic tradition. This method of inquiry encouraged critical thinking, logic, and the rigorous examination of evidence. Thinkers engaged in lively debates, challenging prevailing ideas and laying the groundwork for future scientific breakthroughs.
Islamic scholars also made significant contributions to medieval science. Their expertise in astronomy, physics, and medicine played a vital role in advancing knowledge across Europe and beyond. By translating ancient texts and conducting groundbreaking experiments, they expanded the boundaries of human understanding.
As the medieval period gave way to the Renaissance, natural philosophy evolved into modern science, characterized by its relentless pursuit of knowledge through observation, experimentation, and the scientific method. The seeds sown in this pivotal era would blossom into the scientific revolution and beyond, shaping our understanding of the universe to this day.
Aristotle and Ptolemy: The Architects of Medieval Science
In the medieval period, science was a fascinating blend of ancient wisdom and new discoveries. Aristotle and Ptolemy, two brilliant minds, left an enduring mark on this era.
Aristotle: The Logical Mastermind
Imagine Aristotle as the logical superhero of ancient times. His syllogistic reasoning, like a sharp sword, sliced through arguments, exposing their weak points. He taught that the natural world was rational and could be understood through logical deductions.
Ptolemy: The Stargazing Sorcerer
Ptolemy, on the other hand, was the cosmic architect. His astronomical observations, as precise as a master clockmaker’s measurements, laid the foundation for the geocentric model. This model placed Earth at the center of the universe, with the celestial bodies revolving around it like loyal servants.
Their Celestial Dance
Together, these intellectual giants shaped medieval science. Aristotle’s logic provided the framework for inquiry, while Ptolemy’s astronomy painted the celestial canvas. Their ideas intertwined, forming the tapestry of knowledge that guided scientists for centuries.
Aristotle’s Influence: A Guide to the Natural World
Aristotle’s writings on physics, biology, and other fields became the教科书 for medieval scholars. His emphasis on observation and causality instilled a scientific mindset in their thinking. Aristotle’s ideas provided a solid foundation for understanding the natural world.
Ptolemy’s Contribution: Mapping the Cosmos
Ptolemy’s astronomical observations revolutionized the way people viewed the universe. Его geocentric model explained the apparent movement of the stars and planets, capturing the imagination of scholars and inspiring further celestial exploration. His mathematical tables allowed astronomers to predict the position of celestial bodies, empowering them with a tool for timekeeping and navigation.
Their Legacy: Shaping the Medieval Mind
The combined influence of Aristotle and Ptolemy created a fertile intellectual landscape. Scholars embraced rational inquiry, sought to understand the natural world, and explored the mysteries of the cosmos. Their legacy laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution that would transform human understanding in the centuries to come.
Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus: Reconciling Science and Faith
In the golden age of medieval science, two towering figures emerged: Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus. They were intellectual giants who grappled with the seemingly contradictory worlds of science and faith, seeking to harmonize them.
Albertus Magnus, known as the “Universal Doctor,” was a master of natural philosophy. He believed that the study of the natural world could lead to a deeper understanding of God’s creation. He penned encyclopedic works on physics, biology, and mineralogy, integrating Aristotelian ideas with Christian theology.
Thomas Aquinas, the “Angelic Doctor,” was a brilliant theologian who sought to reconcile faith and reason. He argued that science could provide invaluable insights into God’s plan, but it should never contradict the teachings of the Church. Aquinas’s “Five Ways” of proving the existence of God became a cornerstone of Christian apologetics.
Together, Aquinas and Magnus paved the way for a more integrated understanding of science and faith. They emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation while also acknowledging the limitations of human reason. They taught that science could illuminate the wonders of God’s creation, while faith could provide a deeper understanding of its purpose.
Their legacy continues to inspire scholars and believers today, reminding us that science and faith are not mutually exclusive but can complement each other in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.
Universities: Explain the role of universities in the dissemination and advancement of scientific knowledge during the medieval period.
Universities: The Beacons of Medieval Scientific Knowledge
Imagine yourself back in the bustling streets of a medieval town. Amidst the cobblestone alleys and towering spires, you stumble upon a grand edifice adorned with intricate carvings and stained-glass windows. This, my friend, is a university!
In the Middle Ages, universities played a pivotal role in nurturing the seeds of scientific knowledge. They served as intellectual powerhouses, where scholars gathered to challenge conventional wisdom and push the boundaries of human understanding.
One of the most famous universities of the time was the University of Bologna, established in the 11th century. It became a hub for the study of law and medicine. Its renowned professors attracted students from all corners of Europe, eager to soak up the latest advancements in academia.
Other universities soon followed suit. Oxford and Cambridge in England, Sorbonne in France, and Salamanca in Spain became centers of learning and debate. They fostered a fertile environment for rational inquiry and scientific experimentation.
Within these hallowed halls, scholars delved into the works of ancient masters like Aristotle and Ptolemy. They dissected theories, conducted experiments, and engaged in lively discussions. The scholastic tradition, which emphasized methodical questioning and rigorous argumentation, flourished in these academic havens.
The medieval universities were not just ivory towers. They had a profound impact on society. Graduates of these institutions went on to become physicians, lawyers, and theologians, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and the well-being of their communities.
So, as you wander through the halls of a modern university today, remember the humble beginnings of scientific thought in the bustling centers of learning that once stood in their place. Medieval universities were the crucibles of innovation, where the flames of knowledge burned brightly, illuminating the path towards the scientific revolution and beyond.
Scholastic Tradition: Describe the methods of inquiry and debate that characterized the scholastic tradition in medieval science.
The Scholastic Tradition: Medieval Science’s Quest for Truth
In the bustling halls of medieval universities, where the scent of parchment and ink permeated the air, a lively intellectual culture flourished. Among its many branches, the Scholastic Tradition emerged as a vibrant and influential force in shaping the course of Western science.
Imagine a scene where erudite scholars, clad in flowing gowns, gathered in grand halls to engage in lively debates. Their voices echoed through the vaulted ceilings, as they exchanged ideas with a fervor that rivaled the most intense modern-day TED Talk.
The Scholastic Tradition was more than just a collection of debates; it was a methodology of inquiry that emphasized rigorous logic and careful analysis of texts. Scholars sought to unlock the secrets of the natural world through a process of questioning, arguing, and reasoning.
They approached their studies with a critical eye, scrutinizing every assumption and examining every piece of evidence. This relentless pursuit of intellectual rigor laid the foundation for the scientific method that we use today.
The scholars of the Scholastic Tradition were not afraid to challenge conventional wisdom. They drew inspiration from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle, but they also sought to test and refine his ideas. Through observation, experimentation, and debate, they gradually expanded the boundaries of human knowledge.
Imagine one such debate, where a young scholar named Albertus Magnus stood before a crowd of his peers. With an air of confidence, he presented his theory that the universe was not static but was in constant motion. His arguments were met with skepticism, but he skillfully defended his position, drawing on both logic and evidence.
The Scholastic Tradition also emphasized the importance of faith and reason. Scholars believed that these two forces could work together to provide a deeper understanding of the natural world. They sought to reconcile the teachings of the Church with the insights of science, a pursuit that would shape the development of both disciplines in the centuries to come.
So, next time you marvel at the wonders of modern science, remember the Scholastic Tradition. It was in those medieval university halls, amidst the clash of ideas and the pursuit of knowledge, that the seeds of our scientific understanding were sown.
Islamic Scholars: Discuss the contributions of Islamic scholars to the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and medicine, and their influence on Western science.
The Unsung Heroes of Western Science: Islamic Scholars and Their Invaluable Contributions
Throughout history, great civilizations have emerged, each leaving an indelible mark on the tapestry of human knowledge. Among them, the Islamic Golden Age stands as a beacon of scientific advancement, a time when Muslim scholars blazed a trail of innovation that would profoundly shape the course of Western science.
From the 8th to the 15th centuries, the Islamic world was a vibrant hub of intellectual inquiry. Driven by curiosity and a thirst for knowledge, Muslim scientists made significant contributions to various fields, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to inspire scientists today.
In the realm of astronomy, Arabic astronomers expanded upon the work of their ancient Greek predecessors. They made detailed observations of the night sky, using sophisticated instruments such as the astrolabe, and developed new theories about the movement of celestial bodies. Notably, Al-Battani, known as Albategnius in the West, meticulously calculated the precession of the equinoxes, refining it with remarkable accuracy.
In the field of physics, Muslim scientists such as Al-Biruni and Ibn al-Haytham made groundbreaking discoveries. Al-Biruni conducted experiments on specific gravity and established the principles of density, while Ibn al-Haytham, known as Alhazen in the West, is considered the father of optics. His “Book of Optics” became a foundational text for centuries, laying the groundwork for modern understanding of light and vision.
In biology, Muslim scholars also made notable contributions. Al-Jahiz, an Iraqi polymath, pioneered the study of evolution, arguing that organisms adapt to their surroundings over time. Al-Damiri, an Egyptian naturalist, compiled an extensive encyclopedia of animals known as “The Book of Animals,” which became an indispensable resource for scientists for centuries.
Finally, in medicine, Muslim physicians made significant advancements. They established hospitals and medical schools, where they conducted research and developed new treatments. Al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, was a renowned physician and alchemist who wrote extensively on medical topics, including smallpox and measles. Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in the West, was a Persian polymath who authored the influential medical encyclopedia “The Canon of Medicine,” which remained a standard textbook for centuries.
The contributions of Islamic scholars were not only confined to the East. Through trade and translation, their ideas and discoveries reached Europe, where they ignited the flames of the Renaissance and laid the foundations for the Scientific Revolution. The heliocentric model of Nicolaus Copernicus, for example, was heavily influenced by the works of Muslim astronomers.
Today, we stand on the shoulders of giants, and among them are the brilliant Islamic scholars of the past. Their tireless pursuit of knowledge and their groundbreaking discoveries have shaped our understanding of the world, paving the way for the remarkable advancements in science that we enjoy today. It is a testament to their ingenuity and dedication that their legacy continues to inspire and guide scientists to this day.
The Fall of Constantinople: A Spark for the Western Scientific Renaissance
Picture this: it’s the mid-15th century, and Constantinople, the once-mighty capital of the Byzantine Empire, is under siege by the Ottoman Turks. As the city walls crumble, a wave of Greek scholars escapes the carnage and sets sail for Western Europe. Little did they know they were carrying with them a treasure that would ignite the Scientific Revolution and forever alter the course of human knowledge.
These refugee academics brought with them a trove of ancient Greek writings that had been lost to the West for centuries. Among these texts were the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, and other scientific giants. The excitement in European intellectual circles was palpable. Renaissance scholars, hungry for knowledge, devoured these ancient texts, sparking a revival of classical learning.
The Siege of Constantinople marked a turning point in the history of Western science. It was a gateway that allowed Greek scientific thought to flood into Europe, setting the stage for the groundbreaking discoveries that would follow. The Scientific Revolution was born from this fertile ground of ancient wisdom and renewed scholarly inquiry, forever transforming human understanding of the natural world.
The Renaissance: A Renaissance for Science
The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and cultural rebirth, had a seismic impact on science. Think of it as a giant “reboot” for our thirsty brains.
During this glorious age, folks went nuts for rediscovering ancient Greek and Roman texts. These texts, preserved by our brainy Islamic scholars, were like lost treasures being unearthed. They contained precious knowledge about science, mathematics, and the natural world.
With this newfound wisdom, scholars started to question the age-old ways of thinking. They realized that human reason, not just blindly accepting what they were told, could guide them towards a better understanding of the universe.
This emphasis on reason and observation laid the seeds for the Scientific Revolution, which would soon change everything we knew about the world. It was like a bunch of spirited scientists going, “Hold my beaker, I’ve got some ideas!”
Observation, Experimentation, Empiricism, and Rationalism: The Pillars of Modern Science
Imagine yourself as a curious kid, always wondering why the sky is blue or how a flower blooms. Back in the day, people relied on myths and legends to explain these mysteries. But then came a group of clever folks who had a different idea: Let’s not just guess; let’s actually observe and experiment!
This approach gave birth to empiricism, the belief that knowledge comes from our experiences and observations. And to make their observations as accurate as possible, they developed scientific methods, like controlled experiments and data analysis.
But wait, there’s more! These scientists also believed in rationalism, the idea that our minds can reason and make sense of the world around us. They used logic and mathematics to create models and theories to explain their findings.
Together, empiricism and rationalism became the foundation of modern science. It was like a superpower that allowed us to peel back the layers of the unknown and understand the natural world like never before.
For example, Nicolaus Copernicus looked up at the stars and noticed that the Earth wasn’t the center of the universe. His observations and reasoning led him to propose his groundbreaking heliocentric model. And Galileo Galilei used experiments with rolling balls to discover the laws of motion. These brilliant minds paved the way for the scientific revolution that changed our understanding of the cosmos forever.
So, there you have it, the key ingredients of modern science: observation, experimentation, empiricism, and rationalism. These pillars have helped us unravel the mysteries of nature, from the smallest atoms to the vast expanse of space. Who knew that a little curiosity and the willingness to question the old ways could lead to such incredible discoveries?
Nicolaus Copernicus: The Revolutionary Stargazer Who Shook the Heavens
Listen up, folks! Back in the day, everyone thought the world was the center of the universe, spinning around like a cosmic disco ball. But that all changed when along came a brilliant Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus.
This dude was a major game-changer who dared to challenge the geocentric model that had ruled science for centuries. You know, the one where the Earth was the big cheese, with the sun and all the other planets orbiting around it like a celestial entourage.
Copernicus flipped that whole model upside down! He proposed that the sun was actually the center of our solar system, with the Earth and other planets revolving around it. This radical idea became known as the heliocentric model.
Think about it. If the Earth was moving, that meant some weird stuff should be happening in the sky. But Copernicus’s math checked out. He showed that the heliocentric model could explain the unusual movements of the planets, like their loops and wobbles.
Copernicus’s theory was like a cosmic earthquake, shaking up the scientific world. It sparked a revolution in astronomy and forever changed our understanding of our place in the universe. The heliocentric model paved the way for groundbreaking discoveries like Galileo’s telescope and Newton’s laws of motion.
So, cheers to Nicolaus Copernicus, the astronomer who had the guts to challenge the status quo and rewrite the cosmic script. Thanks to him, we now know that we’re just a tiny part of a vast, magnificent universe. And that’s pretty darn cool!
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler: Describe Tycho Brahe’s observations and Kepler’s mathematical laws that further supported the heliocentric model.
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler: Celestial Detectives
Meet Tycho Brahe, the Danish astronomer who was as eccentric as his name. With his prosthetic gold nose and a keen eye for the stars, Tycho was the king of data collection. He built the most advanced observatory of his time on the island of Ven and spent decades meticulously charting the movements of the heavens.
Tycho’s observations were so precise that they caught the attention of a young German mathematician named Johannes Kepler. Kepler was a bit of a nerd (in the best way), and he couldn’t resist trying to make sense of Tycho’s data. After years of number-crunching and hair-pulling, Kepler came up with three laws that revolutionized our understanding of planetary motion.
Kepler’s first law stated that planets don’t orbit the sun in perfect circles, but in ellipses—like stretched-out circles. His second law, the “Law of Areas,” said that a planet sweeps out equal areas as it orbits the sun over equal amounts of time. This meant that planets speed up as they approach the sun and slow down as they move away.
Finally, Kepler’s third law, the “Law of Harmonies,” established a simple relationship between the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun and its distance from the sun. This law was like a celestial symphony, revealing an underlying order in the solar system.
Kepler’s laws were a major breakthrough, providing astronomers with a powerful tool to predict planetary movements. They also paved the way for Isaac Newton’s groundbreaking work on gravity, which would ultimately explain why planets follow these precise paths around the sun. So, a big round of applause for Tycho and Kepler, the celestial detectives who helped us unravel the secrets of our cosmic neighborhood!
Galileo Galilei: The Pioneer of Heliocentrism and Modern Physics
Galileo Galilei, the brilliant Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, played a pivotal role in overturning the ancient geocentric model of the universe and laying the foundation for modern science. His groundbreaking experiments and observations provided irrefutable evidence for the heliocentric model, in which the Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of our solar system.
Observing the Heavens with a New Perspective
Galileo’s passion for astronomy led him to turn his telescope towards the night sky. His meticulous observations revealed a wealth of startling discoveries. He spotted craters on the Moon, proving that it was not a flawless sphere as Aristotle had claimed. He observed the four largest moons of Jupiter, which orbited their parent planet, another blow to the geocentric model.
Challenging the Status Quo
Galileo’s findings challenged the prevailing Ptolemaic model of the universe, which had dominated scientific thought for centuries. The Church, a powerful institution at the time, clung tightly to the geocentric model, which aligned with biblical teachings.
Triumph of Evidence
Undeterred, Galileo presented his observations at scholarly meetings and published them in influential works. His compelling evidence gradually won over many skeptics. However, the Church remained staunchly opposed, fearing that a heliocentric universe would undermine religious authority.
The Price of Truth
Galileo’s unwavering pursuit of truth ultimately led to his downfall. In 1633, he was found guilty of heresy and forced to recant his heliocentric views. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest, but his legacy lived on.
Impact on Physics
Galileo’s pioneering work extended far beyond heliocentrism. He developed the law of motion, the law of falling bodies, and laid the groundwork for modern physics. His meticulous experiments and empirical approach became the bedrock of scientific inquiry, shaping the course of science for centuries to come.
A Legacy of Discovery
Today, Galileo Galilei is celebrated as one of the greatest scientists of all time, a pioneer who dared to challenge established dogma and revolutionized our understanding of the universe. His legacy continues to inspire scientists and curious minds alike, reminding us that the pursuit of knowledge, no matter how controversial, is essential for human progress.
The Dawn of Modern Science: Isaac Newton and His Gravity-Defying Ideas
The Scientific Revolution, a period of rapid scientific advancement, was spearheaded by brilliant minds like Isaac Newton. This witty, yet brilliant scientist left an indelible mark on the world of science, particularly with his groundbreaking work on motion and gravity.
Newton’s genius was evident at a young age, as he spent countless hours tinkering with optical experiments. His “aha” moment came when he witnessed an apple plummeting to the ground. It was this simple observation that led him to formulate his famous laws of motion.
- Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia): Every object resists any change in its motion unless acted upon by an external force. In other words, if you’re sitting still, you’re not going to start moving unless something pushes or pulls you.
- Newton’s Second Law (Law of Force): An object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass. Basically, the more force you apply to an object, the faster it will move. But if the object is heavier, it will accelerate slower, even with the same amount of force.
- Newton’s Third Law (Law of Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Push something, and it will push back with the same force. It’s like a game of tug-of-war, neither side can move if they’re pulling with the same amount of force.
These laws might sound like common sense today, but in Newton’s time, they were revolutionary. They laid the foundation for classical mechanics, describing the motion of objects in everyday life and in the vast cosmos.
Newton’s most famous contribution, however, was his theory of universal gravitation. He proposed that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
This concept explained a vast array of phenomena, from the orbits of planets around the sun to the tides of the ocean. It was a universal law that governed the motion of everything, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the grandest galaxies.
In short, Isaac Newton was a genius whose work shaped our understanding of the physical world. His laws of motion and gravity are the cornerstone of modern physics, helping us understand the workings of our universe and even sending astronauts to the moon.
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